The U.S. dollar still sits at the center of global finance—but the architecture around it is shifting.
Over the last two decades, the greenback’s share of global foreign exchange reserves has quietly slipped from 71% to just under 58%, according to IMF data. That’s not a collapse—it’s a rebalancing. And for many central banks, sovereign wealth funds, and global family offices, the question is no longer whether the world will move away from the dollar, but how fast and in which direction.
“There is no immediate successor to the dollar,” says Jim Reid, Global Head of Macro Strategy at Deutsche Bank. “But there is definitely a strategy among some economies to chip away at its dominance.”
Central Banks Hedge Their Bets
In 2023, central banks purchased more gold than at any time since recordkeeping began—over 1,000 metric tons. Much of that demand came from countries looking to diversify away from the dollar, driven by a combination of geopolitical risk and long-term inflation hedging. For institutions managing intergenerational wealth, this isn’t about ideology—it’s about insulation.
China, Turkey, and India have all increased their gold reserves significantly, while also expanding bilateral trade agreements that bypass the dollar entirely. According to the People’s Bank of China, over 90% of China-Russia trade is now settled in renminbi or rubles. Brazil has also begun executing trades in yuan, and Saudi Arabia recently signaled its openness to accepting non-dollar currencies for oil transactions.
This isn’t a coordinated revolution—but it is a pattern.
The Sanctions Premium
The dollar’s unique status gives the U.S. Treasury enormous influence, particularly through sanctions. But that influence has started to carry a reputational cost. After the U.S. froze hundreds of billions in Russian reserves following the Ukraine invasion, other nations took notice. What was once considered a safe, neutral reserve currency was now a potential policy weapon.
“In the eyes of many governments, especially in the Global South, the dollar has become politicized,” says Zoltan Pozsar, former Credit Suisse strategist and current founder of Ex Uno Plures. “You don’t sanction a currency without creating a long-term consequence.”
That consequence is a desire—among allies and adversaries alike—for insulation. Not abandonment of the dollar, but a diversification of exposure. This is not unlike a family office rebalancing out of a single equity position after a decade of outperformance. Discipline, not drama.
No Clear Heir—Yet
What’s keeping the dollar in its dominant position is not just legacy—it’s infrastructure. The depth and liquidity of U.S. capital markets, the dominance of the U.S. Treasury bond as a collateral asset, and the unrivaled trust in American institutions (for now) all maintain gravity.
Neither the yuan nor the euro offers the same scale, transparency, or convertibility. Bitcoin, often touted as a borderless hedge, remains too volatile and unregulated for institutional reserve purposes. And while CBDCs (central bank digital currencies) offer technical innovation, none have yet been tested at scale for international reserve deployment.
Still, the symbolic and strategic moves are happening. The BRICS bloc is actively exploring a joint settlement currency. ASEAN nations have begun experimenting with cross-border digital payment networks. Even France’s TotalEnergies recently settled a liquified natural gas trade in yuan with China.
None of these are fatal to the dollar—but collectively, they are significant.
Private Strategy in a Public Shift
For private investors, the path forward is nuanced. Dollar-based assets are not under threat, but they do face competitive pressures. Multicurrency diversification—once a theoretical hedge—is increasingly becoming a baseline portfolio posture, particularly for asset managers with exposure to emerging markets or politically complex jurisdictions.
Gold, long considered passé by institutional allocators, is quietly having a strategic renaissance. Sovereign wealth funds and central banks aren’t trading gold for yield—they’re buying optionality. Some private offices are following suit, not for the metal, but for what it represents: autonomy.
“Gold is a political asset, not a financial one,” says Willem Middelkoop, author of The Big Reset. “It’s the only asset you can hold that is no one else’s liability.”
That framing—assets as sovereignty—may be the most important undercurrent of the de-dollarization era. It’s less about exit strategies and more about optionality, insulation, and future-proofing.
The Verdict
Is de-dollarization really happening? Slowly, and in concentric circles. It’s not a wholesale collapse; it’s a strategic, multi-decade hedging effort by governments and institutions that no longer view the dollar as the only pillar worth standing on.
For investors, it doesn’t require panic—but it does require attention. The post-dollar world may not arrive in a single moment, but its early contours are already visible—and the capital that sees them first is often the capital best positioned to benefit.
